Trophic Cascade ·
Yellowstone Wolves → Rivers
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.com · 1995 reintroduction · 4-level cascade
Elk decline
~40 %
Beaver colonies
1 → 12
Stage
no wolves (1926–1995)
Wolf (top predator)
Elk (herbivore)
Willow / aspen
Beaver / stream change
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.com · Trophic Cascade