Activity Coefficients ·
How Real Solutions Break Raoult's Law
un
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.com · γ · nonideality · Debye–Hückel
γ
1.00
regime
ideal
aᵢ = γ·xᵢ
= xᵢ
step
—
solvent A
solute B
ion + atmosphere
ideal (Raoult) line
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