Impedance Spectroscopy · Nyquist & the Randles Circuit
unseel.com · 10 mV sine · 100 kHz → 10 mHz · Z(ω) = Z′ − jZ″
frequency 100 kHz
phase φ
State
Excitation E(ω) / double layer Cdl
Current response / charge transfer Rct
Nyquist Z(ω) · semicircle
Warburg diffusion · 45° tail
Unseel.com · Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)