Kasha's Rule · Why Emission Comes from the Lowest Excited State
unseel.com · Sₙ → S₁ → hν · internal conversion · energy gap law
pumped to
emits from S₁
Φ(Sₙ)
step
absorption (up)
internal conversion ~10¹² s⁻¹
fluorescence S₁→S₀ ~10⁸ s⁻¹
azulene: anti-Kasha S₂ emission
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