PHASE-TRANSFER CATALYSIS ·
Starks extraction cycle
un
seel
.com · Q⁺ shuttles a naked anion across the interface
catalyst loading
1–5 mol%
turnovers
0
operation
—
Q⁺ ammonium shuttle
Nu⁻ nucleophile (CN⁻)
R–Cl substrate
Cl⁻ leaving group
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