Instantons ·
Tunneling Between Gauge Vacua
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Winding n
0
Action S/S₀
0.00
phase
—
Vacuum wells |n⟩ (classical minima)
Instanton bounce (imaginary time)
Topological-charge lump Q=1
θ-vacuum superposition
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.com · Instantons: Tunneling Between Vacua of the Gauge Field