Instantons · Tunneling Between Gauge Vacua
unseel.com · periodic vacua · self-dual lump · θ-vacuum
Winding n 0
Action S/S₀ 0.00
phase
Vacuum wells |n⟩ (classical minima)
Instanton bounce (imaginary time)
Topological-charge lump Q=1
θ-vacuum superposition
Unseel.com · Instantons: Tunneling Between Vacua of the Gauge Field