Marangoni Convection ·
Surface-Tension-Gradient Flow
un
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.com · thermocapillary stress · τ = ∇ₛσ · Bénard–Marangoni
Ma
0
Surface
flat
phase
—
Hot spot · low σ
Cool · high σ
Surface flow (pulled to high σ)
Warm upwelling
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.com · Marangoni Convection: Flow Driven by Surface-Tension Gradients